umwelt-online: Wirkung hochfrequenter Felder auf das Genom: Genotoxizität und Genregulation (5)

Tab. 1: Übersicht über Experimente zur Genotoxizität

Abkürzungen: CA: Chromosomenaberrationen, MN: Mikrokerne, SCE: Sch westerchromatidaustausche, γ-H2AX: Doppelstrangbruchnachweis durch Irnmundfluoreszenzmarkierung von phosphoryliertem Histon H2A, 53BP1: p53 Binding Protein, EryMN: Mikrokerne in Erythrozyten

Mikrobielle Systeme

Zelltyp	Expositionseinrichtung	Signalformen	Dosimetrie	Test	Ergebnis	Referenz	Jahr
Salmonella	TEM-Zelle	835 MHz CDMA	4 VV/kg; 48 h	Ames	negativ	Chang et al.	2005
Salmonella	TEM-Zelle	835 MHz CDMA	4 W/kg; 48 h	Ames	negativ	Chang et al.	2005
E. coli	TEM-Zelle	835 MHz CDMA	4 W/kg; 48 h	Reversionen	negativ	Chang et al.	2005
Plasmid	TEM-Zelle	835 MHz CDMA	4 W/kg; 48 h	Strangbrüche	negativ	Chang et al.	2005
S. cerevisiae	2 kleine Absorberkammern	900 MHz GSM	0,13 und 1,3 W/kg	Mutationen, Rekombinationen	negativ	Gos et al.	2000

Humanzellen in vitro

Zelltyp	Expositionseinrichtung	Signalformen	Dosimetrie	Test	Ergebnis	Referenz	Jahr
stimulierte Lymphozyten	Parallelplattenresonator	830 MHz CW	1,6 - 8,8 W/kg; 72 h	Aneuploidie (Chromosom 17)	positiv	Mashevich et al.	2003
Glioblastomzellen, Lungenfibroblasten	Absorberkammer mit Hornantenne	2,1425 GHz CW und W-CDMA	0,08 - 0,8 W/kg; 2 und 24 h	alk. Comet	negativ	Sakuma et al.	2006
HL-60 (transf. Lymphozyten)	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	1.800 MHz CW, GSM basic, GSM talk	0,2 - 3 W/kg; bis 72 h	alk. Comet, MN	positiv, aber unplausible Dosisabhängigkeit	European Union 2004a REFLEX Participant 2 (Tauber, Berlin)	2004
Lymphozyten	Absorberkammer, mit Rechteckhornantenne	2,45 GHz gepulst mit PRF 10 kHz; 8,2 GHz	2,13 W/kg 2 h; 20,71 W/kg 2 h	MN, CA	negativ, sowohl in unstimulierten als auch stimulierten Lymphozyten	Vijayalaxmi	2006
Molt-4-Zellen	radiale Wellenleitung	847,7 MHz CDMA 835,6 MHz FDMA 813,6 MHz iDEN 836,6 MHz TDMA	3,2 W/kg 3,2 W/kg 2,4 W/kg+24 mW/kg 2,6 W/kg+26 mW/kg je nach Standard 2, 3, 21 h	alk. Comet	negativ	Hook et al.	2004b
Fibroblasten	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	1.800 MHz CW, GSM basic, GSM talk	1,2 und 2 W/kg; 4 / 6 / 24 h, 5 min an, 10 min aus	alk. und neutraler Comet	positiv	European Union 2004a REFLEX Participant 3 (Rüdiger, Wien)	2005
Fibroblasten	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	1.800 MHz CW, GSM basic, GSM talk	1,2 und 2 W/kg; 4 / 6 / 24 h, 5 min an, 10 min aus	MN, CA	positiv	Diem et al.	2005
Lymphozyten	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	1,8 GHz	3 W/kg; 2 h	alk. Comet	uneinheitlich	Baohong et al.	2005
Lymphozyten	GSM900 Test-Handy mit TEM-Zelle	915 MHz GSM basic	37 mW/kg; 2 h	γ-H2AX, 53BP1	negativ	Belyaev at al.	2005
Lymphozyten	TEM-Zelle mit Mobiltelefon	905 und 915 MHz GSM basic	37 mW/kg; 1 Stunde	γ-H2AX, 53BP1	negativ	Markova et al.	2005
Lymphozyten	abgeschlossener Wellenleiter im Wasserbad	900 MHz GSM Signal	0,3 und 1 W/kg; 2 h	alk. Comet	negativ	Zeni et al.	2005
Lymphozyten	abgeschlossener Wellenleiter im Wasserbad	900 MHz GSM Signal	0,3 und 1 W/kg; 2 h	CA, SCE	negativ	Zeni et al.	2005
Lymphozyten	Wirepatch-Zelle	900 MHz 1:8 Pulsung	0, 1, 5 und 10 W/kg peak (!)	MN	negativ	Scarfi et al.	2006
Lymphozyten	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	935 MHz GSM basic	1 und 2 W/kg; 24 h	alk. Comet, CA, SCE, MN	negativ	Stronati et al.	2006
Lymphozyten	unklar	1.800 MHz, CW	0, 5, 10, 20 mW/cm²; 1, 2 und 3 h	MN	positiv, aber sehr große Variabilität zwischen verschiedenen Spendern	Zotti-Martelli et al.	2005
Fibroblasten	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	1.800 MHz CW und GSM basic	2 W/kg; 1 bis 24 h, 5 min an, 10 min aus	MN, alk. Comet	negativ	Speit et al.	2006

Nagerzellen in vitro

Zelltyp	Expositionseinrichtung	Signalformen	Dosimetrie	Test	Ergebnis	Referenz	Jahr
Maus m5S	Wellenreiter-Resonator	2,45 GHz CW und PM 1/9 + 1/18	5 - 100 W/kg CW und 50 - 100 W/kg PM; 2 h	CA	negativ	Komatsubara et al.	2005
R1-Stammzellen (Ratte)	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	1,71 GHz, GSM 217 und talk	0,4 W/kg talk, 0,11 W/kg DTX, 1,5 - 2 W/kg GSM 217	alk. Comet	negativ	Czyz et al. Nikolova et al.	2004 2005
R1-Stammzellen (Ratte)	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	1,71 GHz, GSM 217 und talk	0,4 W/kg talk, 0,11 W/kg DTX, 1,5 - 2 W/kg GSM 217	CA, SCE	negativ	Czyz et al. Nikolova et al.	2004 2005
R1-Stammzellen (Ratte)	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	1,71 GHz, GSM 217 und talk	0,4 W/kg talk, 0,11 W/kg DTX, 1,5 - 2 W/kg GSM 217	neutr. Comet	positiv, aber unplausibel, da alk. Comet negativ	Czyz et al. Nikolova et al.	2004 2005
C3H10T1/2 (Maus)	radiale Wellenleitung	2.450 MHz CW	1,9 W/kg; 2h	alkalilabile DNA-Schäden, DNA-Protein-Vernetzungen	negativ	Lagroye et al.	2004b
Ratten Granulosa	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	1.800 MHz CW, GSM basic, GSM talk	1,2 und 2 W/kg; 4 / 6 / 24 h, 5 min an, 10 min aus	alk. und neutraler Comet	positiv	Diem et al.	2005
V79 chines. Hamsterzellen	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	1.800 MHz CW und GSM basic	2 W/kg; 1 bis 24 h, 5 min an, 10 min aus	MN, alk. Comet	negativ	Speit et al.	2006
Hamster-Lungenfibroblasten		1.800 MHz	3,0 W/kg; 1 oder 24 h, 5 min an, 10 min aus	γ-H2AX	positiv, aber nur bei 24 h, schwach signifikant	Zhang DY	2006

In-vivo-Experimente (Nagetiere)

Zelltyp	Expositionseinrichtung	Signalformen	Dosimetrie	Test	Ergebnis	Referenz	Jahr
Rattenhirn	Zylinder-Wellenleiter	2.450 MHz gepulst: 2 µs Puls, Pulsperiode 2 ms	1,2 W/kg; 2 b	alk. Comet	negativ	Lagroye et al.	2004a
Mäuse	Hornartige Expokammer	2,45 GHz CW	Ganzkörper-SAR 4,3 W/kg, 1,4 W/kg oder 0,71 W/kg; 16 h per Tag, 15 Tage, 20 s an, 40 s aus/ 10 s an,50 s aus	lacZ-Mutationen	negativ	Ono et al.	2004
Lymphoz., Erythroz., Keratinoz. (Maus)	radialer Wellenleitungsresonator, Mäuse fixiert	902 und 1.747 MHz GSM basic, DTX, handover, power control	Ganzkörper-Peak SAR 0 - 33,2 W/kg (1 Woche), 0 - 24,9 W/kg (6 Wochen) 2 h pro Tag, 5 Tage pro Woche 1 bzw. 6 Wochen	MN	negativ	Görlitz et al.	2005
männliche Keimzellen (Mäuse)	TE10 Wellenleiter mit durchlaufender Welle	900 MHz CW	90 mW/kg; 12 h pro Tag, 7 Tage	DNA-Strangbrüche mit Gelelektrophorese/	negativ	Aitken et al.	2005
männliche Keimzellen (Mäuse)	TE10 Wellenleiter mit durchlaufender Welle	900 MHz CW	90 mW/kg; 12 h pro Tag, 7 Tage	Genveränderungen mit quantitativer PCR	positiv	Aitken et al.	2005
Ratten-Erythrozyten	Fernfeldexposition 1,4 m	2,45 GHz CW	1,25 W/kg; 2 h pro Tag, 7 Tage pro Woche	MN	uneinheitlich	Trosic et al.	2004
Ratten-Knochenmark	Fernfeldexposition 1,4 m	2,45 GHz CW	1,25 W/kg; 2 h pro Tag, 7 Tage pro Woche	MN	positiv, aber nur transient	Trosic et al.	2006
Hirn-, Thymus- und Milzzellen der Ratte	GSM900 Test-Handy mit TEM-Zelle	915 MHz GSM basic	0,4 mW/g; 2 h	Strangbrüche durch Gelelektrophorese	negativ	Belyaev et al.	2006
Ratte: Hirn, Leber, Blut	radiale Wellenleitung mit Absorberabschluss, Tiere ohne Restrainer	900 MHz GSM basic	Ganzkörper-SAR 0,3 und 0,9 W/kg; 2 h pro Tag, 5 Tage pro Woche, 2 Jahre	alk. Comet, EryMN	negativ	Verschaeve et al.	2006
Rattenhirn	Absorberkammer	2,45 GHz, 16,5 GHz	1,0 und 2,01 W/kg; 2 h pro Tag, 35 Tage außer Wochenende	alk. Comet	positiv	Paulraj et al.	2006

Kombinationsexperimente

Zelltyp	Expositionseinrichtung	Signalformen	Dosimetrie	Test	Ergebnis	Referenz	Jahr
Salmonella	TEM-Zelle	835 MHz CDMA	4 W/kg; 48 h	Ames	negativ, keine Comutagenität	Chang et al.	2005
Kombination mit verschiedenen Mutagenen: 4NQO (4-Nitrochinolin-loxid), Natriumazid, Cumenhydroperoxid, 9-Aminoacridin
Human-Lymphozyten	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	1,8 GHz	3 W/kg; 2 h	alk. Comet	uneinheitlich	Baohong et al.	2005
Kombination mit BLM, MMC, MMS, 4NQO
Human-Lymphozyten	Wellenleiter mit stehenden Wellen	935 MHz GSM basic	1 und 2 W/kg; 24 h	alk. Comet, CA, SCE, MN	negativ, keine Comutagenität	Stronati et al.	2006
Kombination mit 1 Gy Röntgenstrahlen
Ratte: Hirn, Leber, Blut	radiale Wellenleitung mit Absorberabschluss, Tiere ohne Restrainer	900 MHz GSM basic	Ganzkörper-SAR 0,3 und 0,9 W/kg; 2 h pro Tag, 5 Tage pro Woche, 2 Jahre	alk. Comet, EryMN	negativ, keine Comutagenität	Verschaeve et al.	2006
Kombination mit MX (3-Chlor-4-dichlormethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-Furanon) im Trinkwasser

Abkürzungsverzeichnis:

53BP1	p53-binding protein
BLM	Bleomycin
BMP	Bone Morphogenetic Protein
BrdU	Bromdesoxyuridin
CA	Chromosomenaberration
CW	Continuous Waves
CDMA	Code Division Multiple Access
DNA, cDNA	Desoxyribonucleinsäure (Desoxiribonucleic Acid)
DSB	DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche (Double Strand Breaks)
ES	embryonale Stammzellen
FACS	Fluorescence activated cell sorting
FDMA	Frequency Division Multiple Access
GSM	Global System for Mobile Communications
GSM-DTX	GSM-Discontimious Transmission
HF	Hochfrequenz
HPRT	Hypoxanthin-Phosphoribosyl-Transferase
hsp	"Heat Shock"-Proteine
iDEN	Integrated Digital Enhanced Network
IPSC-Guidelines	Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen-Guidelines
MMC	Mitomycin C
MMS	Methylmethansulfonat
MN	Mikronuclei
MAP	Mitogen activated protein
PCE	polychromatische Erythrozyten
PCR	Polymerase Ketten Reaktionen
RNA, mRNA	Ribonucleic Acid
ROS	Reactive Oxygen Species
RT-PCR	Reverse Transkription-Polymerase Ketten-Reaktion
SAGE	Serial Analysis of Gene Expression
SAR	spezifische Absorptionsrate
SCE	Sister Chromatid Exchange
SSB	Single Strand Break
SSL	Single Strand Lesions
T	Thymidin
TDMA	Time Division Multiple Access
TE	transversalelektrisch
TEM	transversalelektromagnetisch
TM	transversalmagnetisch
TUNEL	Terminale Desoxyribosyl-Transferase mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling
UMTS	Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

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1) Wissenschaftlich nachgewiesen ist ein Zusammenhang zwischen einer Gesundheitsbeeinträchtigung und elektromagnetischen Feldern, wenn wissenschaftliche Studien voneinander unabhängiger Forschungsgruppen diesen Zusammenhang reproduzierbar zeigen und das wissenschaftliche Gesamtbild das Vorliegen eines kausalen Zusammenhangs stützt.
2) Ein wissenschaftlich begründeter Verdacht auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen einer Gesundheitsbeeinträchtigung und elektromagnetischen Feldern liegt vor, wenn die Ergebnisse bestätigter wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen einen Zusammenhang zeigen, aber die Gesamtheit der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen das Vorliegen eines kausalen Zusammenhang; nicht ausreichend stützt. Das Ausmaß des wissenschaftlichen Verdachts richtet sich nach der Anzahl und der Konsistenz der vorliegenden wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten.
3) Wissenschaftliche Hinweise liegen vor, wenn einzelne Untersuchungen, die auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen einer Gesundheitsbeeinträchtigung und elektromagnetischen Feldern hinweisen, nicht durch voneinander unabhängige Untersuchungen bestätigt sind und durch das wissenschaftliche Gesamtbild nicht gestützt werden.
4) CA: Chromosome Aberration
5) SCE: Sister Chromatid Exchange
6) MN: Mikronuclei
7) DSB: Double Strand Breaks
8) SSB: Single Strand Breaks

ENDE